This article has been edited and approved by
Karen Coumbe MRCVS , H&H’s veterinary advisor since 1991.
Equine flu, as equine influenza is commonly known, is caused by various strains of the influenza virus that affect the upper and lower respiratory tract of horses, donkeys and mules. The virus is similar to the flu virus that affects people, but is not identical, so horses cannot catch human influenza or vice versa. Equine flu is found within the British horse population and is a major and economically important cause of acute respiratory disease throughout the world, with the exception of some island nations, such as Iceland and New Zealand.
Once the virus has been inhaled, it invades the lining (epithelium) of the airway, which becomes inflamed, producing a very sore throat and a nasty cough. This damage causes patches of the membranes lining the airways to ulcerate, which disrupts the clearance of mucus and debris from the airways causing a thick discharge from the horse’s nose. Bacteria then invade the damaged areas leading to further infections.
Equine flu [1,295 words]: Signs | How it spreads | Is it serious? | Diagnosis | Treatment | Prevention | During an outbreak
{"content":"<h3>Signs of equine flu</h3>
<ul>
<li>A very high temperature of 39-41C (103-106F) which lasts for one to three days</li>
<li>A frequent harsh, dry cough that can last for several weeks</li>
<li>A clear, watery nasal discharge that may become thick and yellow or green</li>
<li>Enlarged glands under the lower jaw</li>
<li>Clear discharge from the eyes and redness around eyes</li>
<li>Depression and loss of appetite</li>
<li>Sometimes filling of the lower limbs, muscle stiffness and other signs such as weight loss</li>
</ul>
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<h3>How does it spread?</h3>
<p>As with the human version, equine flu is very contagious. With an incubation period of one to five days, it spreads rapidly as the virus is released into the atmosphere by infected animals. It is mainly acquired through inhalation of virus from ill animals coughing and spluttering infected respiratory droplets. Indirect spread is also possible via buckets or grooms/handlers/nurses/vets. Unlike strangles and some other infections, the flu virus does not linger nor survive for long outside the horse, but it can be airborne, blowing over surprisingly long distances, certainly over 1 kilometer.<br />
<a name="serious"></a></p>
<h3>Do I need to call the vet?</h3>
<p>If your horse shows a raised temperature and/or any signs of equine influenza, strict hygiene and isolation procedures should be adhered to immediately and you should contact your vet.</p>
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<p>Horses that have been in contact with an affected animal should be carefully monitored and should not attend shows or external clinics or training.</p>
<p>It is recommended that horses on a stable yard with an outbreak of equine flu do not leave the premises while the outbreak is ongoing.<br />
<a name="diagnosis"></a></p>
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<h3>Diagnosis of equine flu</h3>
<p>An accurate diagnosis of equine flu can be made by:</p>
<ul>
<li>recognising the clinical signs and the history of rapid spread between horses</li>
<li>isolation of the virus through nasal or nasopharyngeal swabs</li>
<li>rising antibody levels in blood (serum) samples taken early in the course of the disease and two to three weeks later</li>
<li>history of recent contact with a confirmed case of the disease</li>
</ul>
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<p>Vaccinated horses may show signs, but these are usually much milder than those seen in unvaccinated horses.<br />
<a name="treatment"></a></p>
<h3>Treatment of equine flu</h3>
<p>Good basic nursing is key when treating a horse with equine flu. Horses with a respiratory infection should be given complete rest and not restart any strenuous exercise until at least 3 to 4 weeks after the signs have gone.</p>
<p>Good stable ventilation and dust-free management is essential. Exposure to dust should be minimised, as horses with respiratory infections are more susceptible to airway irritation. It is best to switch to dust-free bedding and feed-soaked hay, or better still haylage, from the floor.</p>
<p>If weather permits and risks to other animals are manageable, then affected horses benefit from being turned out for at least part of the day once their temperatures have returned to normal. This is especially important in the recovery stages. At the same time infected horses should be isolated.</p>
<p>Antibiotics have no effect against a virus, but can be useful to control secondary bacterial invasion. This is a risk in foals or elderly or otherwise unwell animals, which can succumb to fatal pneumonia. Medications to help breathing can prove beneficial.<br />
<a name="prevention"></a></p>
<h3>Prevention of equine flu</h3>
<p>Vaccination is important. Equine flu is difficult to control, especially in horses that are frequently transported and mixed extensively. Outbreaks are most common when young susceptible horses are brought together at sales and shows, or for weaning and training.</p>
<p>Surprisingly low numbers of the UK’s horse population are vaccinated, despite the fact that vaccination is the preferred method of control and is compulsory when competing under British Horseracing Authority, FEI and affiliated governing bodies’ rules in the UK.</p>
<p>The current vaccination recommendations may well be modified further in light of the recent increase in reported cases in 2019. The best thing is to consult your own vet as well as checking the appropriate competition regulations. The 2019 outbreaks have been identified as being caused by the Florida Clade 1 virus. The different vaccines contain different strains of the equine influenza virus, all of which appear to be beneficial in providing protection.</p>
<p>Regular vaccination is important. While many British equine sport governing bodies tightened up their vaccination rules following the 2019 outbreaks, with all requiring the minimum of the first two vaccines to have been given prior to competition, <a href="https://www.horseandhound.co.uk/news/new-bef-equine-flu-vaccinations-rules-for-2020-due-to-coronavirus-711532">some changes have been made</a> in 2020 as a result of the human coronavirus pandemic as currently vets have been told not to give six-monthly flu vaccinations. We expect further communications from the governing bodies when equestrian sport returns.</p>
<p><em>NB: We recommend all competition riders double check with the appropriate rulebook to ensure your horse’s vaccinations comply with their requirements</em>.</p>
<p><strong>British Horseracing Authority</strong>: horses must have been vaccinated against equine flu within the past 12 months. Horses must not have been vaccinated less than seven days before racing.<br />
<strong>FEI competitions</strong>: a booster vaccination must have been given no more than six months and 21 days prior to competing. A vaccination should not have been given within seven days of the competition or of entry into the FEI stables.<br />
<strong>British Dressage</strong>: The most recent booster injection must have been given within six calendar months prior to the horse competing, and must have been administered at least seven days before the competition. British Dressage has <a href="https://www.horseandhound.co.uk/news/british-dressage-flu-vaccinations-exemptions-reactions-703025">an exemption policy</a> for animals that experience severe reactions to being vaccinated.<br />
<strong>British Eventing</strong>: The most recent booster injection must have been given within the six calendar months prior to the horse arriving at the competition. It cannot be given on the day of competition.<br />
<strong>British Showjumping</strong>: Horses to have received booster vaccinations not more than 365 days from their last vaccination.<br />
<strong>British Riding Clubs</strong>: Horses to have received booster vaccinations not more than 365 days from their last vaccination. No vaccination to have been given on the day of a competition or entry to championship stables or within six days before a competition or entry to championship stables. BRC is expected to change its flu vaccination rules to having a booster within 6 months and 21 days of the competition from 1 March 2020. This is due to be confirmed late November 2019.</p>
<p>If a horse or pony is competing in one discipline for instance, showjumping but it is attending an event at a venue, such as a racecourse, it will be required to comply with the vaccination requirements under the rules of racing.</p>
<p>The vaccination record(s) in the horse’s passport, must be completed, signed and stamped line by line, by an appropriate veterinary surgeon (who is neither the owner nor the rider of the horse). The responsibility to comply with this rule lies with the owner, who should consult with their vet.<br />
<a name="outbreak"></a></p>
<h3>What to do during an outbreak?</h3>
<p>If equine flu occurs locally, it may be advisable to give a booster vaccination to any healthy horse that has not been vaccinated in the previous six months. Consult your vet for advice.</p>
<p>You may wish to limit the situations where you expose your horse to others by reducing the competitions and training outings you attend, or choose only to visit venues that actively check the vaccination status of equines in attendance and require six-monthly boosters.</p>
<p>Whenever you attend shows or external training outings, you should follow strict biosecurity and hygiene methods such as:</p>
<ul>
<li>Do not allow horses to touch or sniff other horses</li>
<li>Riders/grooms should only handle their own horses and tack</li>
<li>Do not share buckets or kit with other horses/riders</li>
<li>Avoid using on-site water facilities. If this is impossible, avoid dunking the hose into the bucket and sanitise your hands before carrying the bucket to the horse</li>
<li>Do not hand graze the horse at a venue</li>
<li>Ensure show stables have been disinfected before and after use and all bedding removed and replaced with fresh</li>
<li>Horse’s temperature should be taken before travel to an external venue</li>
<li>Horses returning from external venues should be isolated if possible, with their temperature and their health closely monitored</li>
</ul>
<p>For the latest info on flu outbreaks visit <a href="https://www.aht.org.uk/disease-surveillance/equiflunet">Equiflu.net</a></p>
<div class="injection"></div>
<p>Your vet can send samples from suspect cases of equine influenza to be tested free of charge at the Animal Health Trust, so if in doubt speak to your vet, and have your horses checked and vaccinated regularly.</p>
<p><em><strong>References</strong></em><br />
<em><a href="https://beva.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/evj.13210" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Annual booster vaccination and the risk of equine influenza to Thoroughbred racehorses</a> Equine veterinary journal, 21 November 2019.</em></p>
<p><em><a href="https://www.beva.org.uk/News-Archive/entryid/1213?utm_campaign=11070180_eNews%20-%2015th%20November%202019&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_source=BHA%20Flu%20Update&amp;dm_i=L78,6L9T0,31CCD5,Q82AQ,1">Update from the BHS on Equine influenza requirements</a> BEVA website, 15 November 2019.</em></p>
<p><em><a href="https://bef.co.uk/News-Detail.aspx?news=vaccination-update">Equine influenza vaccination update</a> BEF website, 2 April 2020.</em></p>
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MA VetMB CertEP CertVA MRCVS
Our equine veterinary expert has more than 30 years experience in practice. She is an FEI vet and has attended the past three Olympic and two World Equestrian Games in her role. She has a particular interest in anaesthesia, pre-purchase examinations, ophthalmology and dermatology amongst other clinical concerns. She has been Horse & Hound’s official veterinary advisor since 1991. Karen is part of the Bell Equine team.