A sub-solar hoof abscess, also known as pus in the foot is a common cause of lameness, particularly in wet weather conditions following a long dry period. It is thought that tiny cracks appear in the dry hoof wall and allow moisture, dirt and bacteria to enter. Infection sets in, followed by a build-up of pus that, within the restricting hoof cavity, soon becomes extremely painful. Other cases are associated with puncture wounds to the hoof and sometimes infection can ascend up the horseshoe nail tracts.
It is not unusual for an abscess to cause a horse to be non-weight bearing on the affected limb. If you suspect your horse is suffering from pus in the foot a visit from your vet or farrier should be arranged as soon as possible.
Hoof abscess in horses: Signs | Treatment | Complications
How to recognise a hoof abscess
- Be vigilant of any slight or intermittent lameness that becomes more pronounced until the horse almost bears no weight on the affected leg
- More weight may be carried on the toe to protect the heel
- The affected foot may feel hotter than the other feet
- There may be a noticeable or pounding digital pulse towards the back of either side of the fetlock
- The leg may become filled and swollen
- There may be severe pain and signs of distress
- If not drained, the abscess will eventually burst through the coronary band
How to treat a hoof abscess
It is likely that the shoe will need to be removed to find the hoof abscess, which, once located and drained, will bring rapid relief.
The farrier or vet will advise how to clean the site, perhaps with antiseptic or hydrogen peroxide. Traditionally, tubbing the foot in warm salty water has been recommended, however this can soften the hoof wall and sole, which may not be in the horse’s best interests.
Typically a poultice is used to encourage the abscess to drain downwards to avoid poulticing the soft skin of the coronary band. Poulticing the hard horn on the sole of the hoof will encourage the abscess to drain, but it’s not recommended to use a wet poultice for more than three days.
How to poultice a horse’s hoof: your essential guide
Dr Stuart Thorne MRCVS, of Fellowes Farm Equine Clinic, gives useful tips to make poulticing easy
The area should be kept covered until it has healed sufficiently to prevent any dirt from entering the wound. Disposable nappies make very effective dressings for this purpose.
While many vets and farriers will recommend stabling the horse during treatment, some owners continue to turn their horses out while protecting the dressing with a thick plastic bag secured with thick strong tape. Take care not to cause a pressure sore when taping over the hoof covering.
It is usually unnecessary to treat pus in the foot with antibiotics. It is better to drain the abscess to eliminate the infection, particularly since antibiotics do not penetrate properly into the hoof and horn of the horse’s foot. Antibiotics are only really justifiable in rare cases where there are complications and the deeper structures within the foot are involved.
It is far more important to establish adequate drainage to ensure all the infection can drain while giving the horse sufficient pain relief. The two are frequently combined in that a horse with a foot abscess will feel much better as soon as the pus is drained.
Once located and drained, most abscesses will resolve in a week or two with one study showing that they take an average of 11 days of treatment.
Complications
Most foot abscesses are straightforward and can be treated relatively rapidly, however complications can develop. These include cellulitis (infection in the soft tissues), hoof cracks, inflammation and infection of the underlying pedal bone and other structures, as well as recurrent abscesses. If a horse suffers repeatedly from hoof abscesses then it may be worth testing for Cushings/PPID as this can be a sign of that condition.
Fortunately the majority of cases recover well, and once the pus in the foot has drained, then the horse’s shoe can be refitted and they can return to work.
References:
Factors associated with prolonged treatment days, increased veterinary visits and complications in horses with subsolar abscesses – December 2018
Foot abscessation in horses – February 2019
