As the sport wrestles with questions of fairness, welfare and public trust, Oscar Williams explores whether AI could help judges and whether it may force dressage to confront deeper questions in this exclusive article for H&H subscribers
Dressage judging is a hell of a job. Judges are asked to do the near-impossible: absorb dozens of movements in real time, weigh technical correctness against harmony and expression as well as several other criteria, and distil it all into marks awarded in seconds before moving on to the next movement.
To add to the pressure, those performances are often dissected online with the benefit of slow-motion replays and freeze-frame screenshots – and even then, the comment sections rarely agree on what the score should have been.
Now, as the sport wrestles with questions of welfare , credibility and public trust , artificial intelligence (AI) judging is increasingly being pushed forward as a possible solution.
Supporters argue it could ease the cognitive load on judges and bring greater consistency and transparency to scoring, while identifying conflict behaviours or technical faults. Sceptics worry that a sport built on feel, nuance and interpretation risks being flattened into data.
AI could track every stride a horse takes. But could a machine really judge dressage?
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"}
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Credit: Future
H&H dressage and sport horse editor, and sports manager
Oscar joined Horse & Hound in October 2023 and is the magazine’s dressage editor and sports manager, overseeing coverage of equestrian sport. After studying equine science at Myerscough College, he spent four years working for leading dressage rider Emile Faurie, competing at the 2015 National Dressage Championships and travelling with the yard to CDIs including Aachen and Saumur. He holds a master’s degree in Literature from York St John University (2021).
